II. SEMANTIC NETWORKS and SNePS

1. Quillian's theory (the earliest in AI):
   • Quillian, M. Ross (1967), "Word Concepts: A Theory and Simulation of Some Basic Semantic Capabilities", Behavioral Science 12: 410-430.
     • Reprinted in Ronald J. Brachman & Hector J. Levesque (eds.), Readings in Knowledge Representation (Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann, 1985): 97-118.

   • Quillian, M . Ross (1969), "The Teachable Language Comprehender: A Simulation Program and Theory of Language", Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery 12(8): 459-476.
     • An important paper on the first semantic-network knowledge-representation-and-reasoning system in AI, and how to get it to read and comprehend a natural-language text.

   • Quillian, M. Ross (1968), "Semantic Memory", in Marvin Minsky (ed.) Semantic Information Processing (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press): 227-270.

   • Collins, Allan M. & Quillian, M. Ross (1969), "Retrieval Time from Semantic Memory", Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior 8: 240-247.
     • LOCKWOOD Periodical Collection Per BF455.A1 J6

2. For information on SNePS, go to:
   • SNeRG Homepage
   • Essential SNePS Readings
   • Andor Readings
     • Readings on the SNePS theory of non-standard logical connectives.
   • Readings on intensionality (and the de re/de dicto distinction) in SNePS.
   • ANALOG and SNePS-3

3. Roger Schank's theory of Conceptual Dependency.

4. Findler, Nicholas V. (ed.) (1979), Associative Networks: The Representation and Use of Knowledge by Computers (New York: Academic Press).
   • SCI/ENGR Book Collection Q360 .A87
   • Contains the first major paper on SNePS (there were earlier ones in conference publications; see the full SNeRG bibliography):
     Shapiro, Stuart C. (1979), "The SNePS Semantic Network Processing System", pp. 179-203.

5. Sowa, John F. (ed.) (1991), Principles of Semantic Networks: Explorations in the Representation of Knowledge (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann).
   • LOCKWOOD Book Collection Q335 .P7 1991

6. Lehmann, Fritz (ed.) (1992), Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence (Oxford: Pergamon Press).
   • Reprinted from Computers & Mathematics with Applications 23(2-5): 1-375 and 23(6-9): 377-758.

7. 2 papers on the relationship between first-order logic and semantic networks:
   • Schubert, Lenhart K. (1991), "Semantic Nets Are in the Eye of the Beholder", in John F. Sowa (ed.), Principles of Semantic Networks: Explorations in the Representation of Knowledge (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann): 95-107.

   • Shastri, Lokendra (1991), "Why Semantic Networks?", in John F. Sowa (ed.), Principles of Semantic Networks: Explorations in the Representation of Knowledge (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann): 109-136.