Propositional and First-Order Logic

1. Shapiro, Stuart C., "Foundations of Logic and Inference"
   • Website that contains links to articles, tutorials, and Lisp code for first-order predicate logic.

2. Thomason, Richmond (1998), "Crash Course in the Theory of Logic"
   • PDF

3. Some references on translating from English to logic
   • Representing English Sentences in FOL

4. Some references on logic and AI:
   • Rapaport, William J. (1992), "Logic", in Stuart C. Shapiro (ed.), Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd edition (New York: John Wiley): 851-853

   • Rapaport, William J. (1992), "Logic, Predicate", in Stuart C. Shapiro (ed.), Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd edition (New York: John Wiley): 866-873

   • Rapaport, William J. (1992), "Logic, Propositional", in Stuart C. Shapiro (ed.), Encyclopedia of Artificial Intelligence, 2nd edition (New York: John Wiley): 891-897

5. Some references on logic and computer science/software engineering:
   • Halpern, Joseph Y.; Harper, Robert; Immerman, Neil; Kolaitis, Phokion G.; Vardi, Moshe Y.; & Vianu, Victor (2001), "On the Unusual Effectiveness of Logic in Computer Science" , Bulletin of Symbolic Logic 7(2): 213-236.

   • Henderson, Peter B. (2003), "Mathematical Reasoning in Software Engineering Education" , Communications of the ACM 46(9) (September 2003): 45-50.

6. Extracts from other AI textbooks:
   • Bender, Edward A. (1996), Mathematical Methods in Artificial Intelligence (Los Alamitos, CA: IEEE Computer Society Press):
     • Ch. 3: "The Concepts of Predicate Logic"

   • Coppin, Ben (2004), Artificial Intelligence Illuminated (Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett):
     • Ch. 7: "Propositional and Predicate Logic", and Ch. 8: "Inference and Resolution for Problem Solving"

   • Nilsson, Nils J. (1998), Artificial Intelligence: A New Synthesis (San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann):
     • Ch. 13: "The Propositional Calculus", and Ch. 14: "Resolution in the Propositional Calculus"

7. Proper Subformula

8. Rules for SEND and RETURN

9. Rules for and
   • PDF

10. Paradoxes of the Material Conditional

11. Wang's Algorithm

12. Satisfaction of a Quantified WFF
    • PDF
    • HTML

13. FOL "Pragmatics" à la Brachman & Levesque
    • PDF

14. Many-Valued Logics

15. Modal Logic

16. Mental Models
    • Some on-line references about Johnson-Laird's "mental-model" theory of how humans reason, and on the controversy between his theory and Rips's "syntactic" theory.

17. FOL as a KRR System

18. Some Wikipedia articles:
    • Propositional Calculus
    • First-Order Predicate Calculus