Reasoning

Notes:

• Some links may require a username and password; contact Bill Rapaport.

• To access Psych. Bul. or Psych. Rev. online from buffalo.edu computers,
  read the instructions on my webpage "Classic (Online) Readings in Cognitive Science".

1. Johnson-Laird's Theory of Mental Models

2. Tversky & Kahnemann's Theory of Judgment under Uncertainty:
   1. Tversky, Amos; & Kahneman, Daniel (1971), "Belief in the Law of Small Numbers", Psychological Bulletin 76(2): 105-110.

   2. Kahneman, Daniel; & Tversky, Amos (1973), "On the Psychology of Prediction", Psychological Review 80(4) (July): 237-251.

   3. Tversky, Amos; & Kahneman, Daniel (1974), "Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases", Science 185(4157) (September 27): 1124-1131.

   4. Tversky, Amos; & Kahneman, Daniel (1983), "Extensional Versus Intuitive Reasoning: The Conjunction Fallacy in Probability Judgment", Psychological Review 90(4) (October): 293-315.
      • Contains the well-known "Linda the feminist bank-teller" example.

   5. Erwin Segal's webpage on Reasoning and Problem Solving

   6. Kahneman, Daniel (2002), "Maps of Bounded Rationality: A Perspective on Intuitive Judgment and Choice" (Nobel Prize Lecture).

   7. For an interesting application, see:
      1. Goldstein, Evan R. (2008), "The New Paternalism", Chronicle of Higher Education (9 May): B8-B11.
         • "An economist and a legal scholar argue that policy makers should nudge people into making good decisions"

      2. Cassidy, Jack (2008), "Economics: Which Way for Obama?", New York Review of Books 55(10) (June 12): 30,32,34.

3. On the proper role of psychological studies of human reasoning in the creation of formal models of reasoning:
   1. Pelletier, Francis Jeffry & Elio, Renée (1997), "What Should Default Reasoning Be, by Default?", Computational Intelligence 13(2): 165-187.

   2. Evans, Jonathan St.B.T. (2003), "In Two Minds: Dual-Process Accounts of Reasoning", Trends in Cognitive Sciences 7(10): 454-459.

4. Logic & Reasoning in the Cognitive-Science Disciplines of Logic, AI, and Philosophy:
   1. Logic & Automated Theorem Proving

   2. Belief Revision and Default, Defeasible, and Non-Monotonic Reasoning

5. On Herbert Simon's theories of bounded rationality and satisficing:

   • Simon, Herbert A. (1955), "A Behavioral Model of Rational Choice", Quarterly Journal of Economics 69(1) (February): 99–118.

   • 
     Simon, Herbert A. (1956), "Rational Choice and the Structure of the Environment", Psychological Review 63(2): 129–138.
     • Appeared in the same issue as Miller 1956!

   • Simon, Herbert A. (1990), "A Mechanism for Social Selection and Successful Altruism", Science 250 (21 December): 1665–1668.
     • See esp. §"Social Learning and Altruism", pp. 1666ff.

   • Simon, Herbert A. (1990), "Invariants of Human Behavior", Annual Review of Psychology 41: 1–19.

   • Simon, Herbert A. (1991), "Bounded Rationality and Organizational Learning", Organization Science 2(1) (February): 125–134.
     • Has interesting things to say about functionalism and about how research is conducted in universities!