GPS and SOAR

1. Newell, Allen, & Simon, Herbert A. (1961), "GPS: A Program that Simulates Human Thought", in H. Billings (ed.), Lernende automaten (Munchen: R. Oldenbourg): 109-124.
   Reprinted in:
   • Luger, George F. (ed.) (1995), Computation and Intelligence: Collected Readings (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press): 415-428.

2. Slagle, James R. (1971), Artificial Intelligence: The Heuristic Programming Approach (New York: McGraw-Hill): 110-125 [PDF].

3. Class handout from Slagle 1971.
   • Far Side cartoon about the monkey-&-bananas problem.

   • 
     Origin of the problem:
     Köhler, Wolfgang (1925), The Mentality of Apes (London: Routledge & Keegan Paul).

   • 
     How pigeons solve it:
     Epstein, R.; Kirshnit, C.E.; Lanza, R.P.; & Rubin, L.C. (1984), "‘Insight’ in the Pigeon: Antecedents and Determinants of an Intelligent Performance", Nature 308 (1 March): 61 62.

4. On SOAR (descendant of GPS):
   • Waldrop, M. Mitchell (1988), "Toward a Unified Theory of Cognition", Science 241(4861) (July 1): 27-29.

   • Waldrop, M. Mitchell (1988), "Soar: A Unified Theory of Cognition?", Science 241(4863) (July 15): 296-298.

   • Lehman, Jill Fain; Laird, John E.; & Rosenbloom, Paul (1998), "A Gentle Introduction to Soar: An Architecture for Human Cognition", in Scarborough, Don, & Sternberg, Saul (eds.), Methods, Models, and Conceptual Issues, Vol. 4 of Osherson, Daniel N. (general ed.), An Invitation to Cognitive Science; 2nd edition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press): 211-253.
     • Updated as:

       Lehmann, Jill Fain; Laird, John; & Rosenbloom, Paul (2006), "A Gentle Introduction to SOAR, an Architecture for Human Cognition: 2006 Update" [PDF].