Belief Revision and Default, Defeasible, & Non-Monotonic Reasoning

1. Cartoons:
   • Cartoon on default reasoning

   • Cartoon: Can penguins fly?

   • Penguins can't fly

   • Penguins can fly

   • Dumbo teaches a dodo

   • Why Garfield thinks birds can't fly

   • Dodos can fly?

   • Dodos can fly? Part 2

   • Dodos are not flightless?

   • An argument that dodos can fly

   • "Mutts" on Flying Penguins

   • "Brevity" on flying vs. "flying"

   • "Brevity" on flying vs. "flying", part 2

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2. Ginsberg, Matthew L. (ed.) (1987), Readings in Nonmonotonic Reasoning (Los Altos, CA: Morgan Kaufmann).
   • UNDERGRAD Reserve (2 Hr/In-Library) Q335 .R433 1987
   Containing the following "essential" papers among others:
   1. Doyle, Jon (1979), "A Truth Maintenance System", Artificial Intelligence 12: 231-272.
      • Reprinted on pp. 259-279.

   2. McCarthy, John (1980), "Circumscription--A Form of Non-Monotonic Reasoning", Artificial Intelligence 13: 27-39, 171-172.
      • Reprinted on pp. 145-152.

      • Also see the commentary in:
        Davis, Martin (1980), "The Mathematics of Non-Monotonic Reasoning", Artificial Intelligence 13: 73--80, §1.

      • "Pearls before Swine" on circumscription

      • "Peanuts" on circumscription

   3. McDermott, Drew, & Doyle, Jon (1980), "Non-Monotonic Logic I", Artificial Intelligence 13: 41-72.
      • Reprinted on pp. 111-126.

      • Also see the commentary in:
        Davis, Martin (1980), "The Mathematics of Non-Monotonic Reasoning", Artificial Intelligence 13: 73--80, §2.

   4. Reiter, Raymond (1980), "A Logic for Default Reasoning", Artificial Intelligence 13: 81-132.
      • Reprinted on pp. 68-93.

   5. Moore, Robert C. (1985), "Semantical Considerations on Nonmonotonic Logic", Artificial Intelligence 25: 75-94.
      • Reprinted on pp. 127-136.

      • "Calvin & Hobbes" on autoepistemic reasoning

   6. de Kleer, Johan (1986), "An Assumption-Based TMS", Artificial Intelligence 28: 127-162.
      • Reprinted on pp. 280-297.

3. The SNePS approach:
   1. Martins, João P. & Shapiro, Stuart C. (1988), "A Model for Belief Revision" (PDF), Artificial Intelligence 35(1): 25-79.
      • Online abstract

      • Pegasus demo

      • "Lincoln" demo

      • Shapiro, Stuart C. (2006), "Belief Revision/Truth Maintenance", (Ch.9 of "Knowledge Representation and Reasoning: Logics for Artificial Intelligence")

   2. Martins, João P., & Cravo, Maria R. (1991), "How to Change Your Mind", Noûs 25(4): 537-551.

   3. Cravo, Maria R. & Martins, João P., (1993), "SNePSwD: A Newcomer to the SNePS Family", Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 5: 135-148.

   4. Johnson, Frances L. & Shapiro, Stuart C. (1999a), "Says Who?--Incorporating Source Credibility Issues into Belief Revision" [PDF], Technical Report 99-08 (Buffalo, NY: SUNY Buffalo Department of Computer Science & Engineering)

   5. Johnson, Frances L. & Shapiro, Stuart C. (1999b), "Finding and Resolving Contradictions in a Battle Scenario" [PDF], Technical Report 99-09 (Buffalo, NY: SUNY Buffalo Department of Computer Science & Engineering).

   6. Johnson, Frances L. & Shapiro, Stuart C. (2000a), "Formalizing a Deductively Open Belief Space", [PDF] Technical Report 2000-02 (Buffalo, NY: SUNY Buffalo Department of Computer Science & Engineering).

   7. Johnson, Frances L. & Shapiro, Stuart C. (2000b), "Implementing Integrity Constraints in an Existing Belief Revision System", in C. Baral & M. Truszczynski (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Non-Monotonic Reasoning (NMR-2000).

   8. Shapiro, Stuart C. & Johnson, Frances L. (2000c), "Automatic Belief Revision in SNePS", in C. Baral & M. Truszczynski (eds.), Proceedings of the 8th International Workshop on Non-Monotonic Reasoning (NMR-2000).

   9. Johnson, Frances L. & Shapiro, Stuart C. (2001), "Redefining Belief Change Terminology for Implemented Systems" [PDF], in Leopoldo Bertossi & Jan Chomicki (eds.), Working Notes for the IJCAI-2001 Workshop on Inconsistency in Data and Knowledge (Seattle): 11-21.

   10. Bhushan, Bharat (2003), "Preferential Ordering of Beliefs for Default Reasoning" (.ps file)

4. Defeasible Reasoning in Philosophy:
   1. John Pollock's OSCAR Project

   2. References to Donald Nute's work on defeasible reasoning, esp. in Prolog.

5. Pelletier, Francis Jeffry, & Elio, Renée (1997), "What Should Default Reasoning Be, by Default?", Computational Intelligence 13(2): 165-187.

6. Pelletier, Francis Jeffry, & Elio, Renée (2005), "The Case for Psychologism in Default and Inheritance Reasoning", Synthese 146(1-2): 7-35.
   • Contains an excellent overview of default reasoning.