The Department of Computer Science & Engineering
cse@buffalo

A (Partial) Bibliography
(in Chronological Order) of

MEDICAL NATURAL-LANGUAGE PROCESSING OF FREE TEXT

Compiled by:

William J. Rapaport

Department of Computer Science and Engineering,
Department of Philosophy,
and Center for Cognitive Science
State University of New York at Buffalo,
Buffalo, NY 14260-2000

This document is available on the Web at http://www.cse.buffalo.edu/~rapaport/refs.mednlp.html

Last Modified: 28 November 2000
New entries since the last major modifications are indicated by NEW
Note: Additions to this document are more than welcome, and should be sent to Prof. William J. Rapaport, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, 226 Bell Hall, SUNY Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260-2000, or by email to me at: rapaport@cse.buffalo.edu
Index:

1981:

  1. NEW Sager, Naomi, & Lyman, Margaret (1978), "Computerized Language Processing: Implications for Health Care Evaluation", Medical Record News 49(3) (June): 20-30.

1981:

  1. NEW Hirschman, Lynette; Story, Guy; Marsh, Elaine; Lyman, Margaret; & Sager, Naomi (1981), "An Experiment in Automated Health Care Evaluation from Narrative Medical Records", Computers and Biomedical Research 14: 447-463.

1986:

  1. Gabrieli, E.R., & Speth, David J. (1986), "Automated Analysis of the Discharge Summary", Journal of Clinical Computing (Buffalo, NY) 15: 1-28.

1987:

  1. Gabrieli, Elmer R. (1987), "Computerizing Text from Office Records", M.D. Computing 4(3): 44-49, 56.

  2. Gabrieli, E.R., & Bauman, W.A. (1987), "Computerized Discharge Summaries: A New Window for Patient Care Monitoring", Journal of Clinical Computing (Buffalo, NY) 16: 47-62.

  3. Gabrieli, E.R., & Speth, David J. (1987), "Computer Processing of Discharge Summaries", in William W. Stead (ed.), Proceedings, 11th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC-87, Washington, DC) (IEEE Computer Society Press): 137-140.

1988:

  1. Gabrieli, Elmer R. (1988), "Computer-Assisted Assessment of Patient Care in the Hospital", Journal of Medical Systems 12(3): 135-146.

  2. Gabrieli, Elmer R., & Speth, David J. (1988), "Automated Analysis of Natural Language Medical Text", in Murray Teitell (ed.), Proceedings of the 4th Annual Artificial Intelligence and Advanced Computer Technology Conference (Long Beach, CA) (Glen Ellyn, IL: Tower Conference Management): 66-75.

1989:

  1. Gabrieli, Elmer R.; Pollock, George B.; Beltrami, Eugene L.; & Soldano, Richard (1989), "Automated Screening for Quality of Care in the Hospital: A Feasibility Study", Journal of Clinical Computing (Buffalo, NY) 17(5-6): 154-167.

  2. Liddy, Elizabeth; Jörgenson, Corrinne Lyon; Sibert, Ernest; & Yu, Edmund S. (1989), "Processing Natural Language for an Expert System Using a Sublanguage Approach", Proceedings, Annual Meeting of the American Society for Information Science (ASIS-89).

  3. Scherrer, J.R.; Côté; & Mandil, S.H. (eds.) (1989), Computerized Natural Medical Language Processing for Knowledge Representation: Proceedings of the IFIP-IMIA WG6 International Working Conference on Computerized Natural Medical Language Processing for Knowledge Representation (Geneva, September 1988) (Amsterdam: North-Holland).

1991:

  1. NEW Evans, David A.; Rothwell, David J.; Monarch, Ira A.; Lefferts, Robert G.; & Cote, Roger A. (1991), "Toward Representations for Medical Concepts", Medical Decision Making 11(suppl): S102-S108.

  2. NEW Lyman, Margaret; Sager, Naomi; Tick, Leo; Nhàn, Ngô; Borst, François; & Scherrer, Jean-Raoul (1991), "The Application of Natural-Language Processing to Healthcare Quality Assessment", Medical Decision Making 11(suppl): S65-S68.

  3. Masarie, Fred E., Jr.; Miller, Randolph A.; Bouhaddou, Omar; Giuse, Nunzia B.; & Warner, Homer R. (1991), "An Interlingua for Electronic Interchange of Medical Information: Using Frames to Map between Clinical Vocabularies", Computers and Biomedical Research 24: 379-400.

1992:

  1. Baud, R.H.; Rassinoux, A.-M.; & Scherrer, J.-R. (1992), "Natural Language Processing and Semantical Representation of Medical Texts", Methods of Information in Medicine 31: 117-125.

  2. Baud, R.H.; Rassinoux, A.-M.; & Scherrer, J.-R. (1992), "Natural Language Processing and Medical Records", in K.C. Lun, Patrice DeGoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, & Otto Rienhoff (eds.), Medinfo 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (Geneva) (Amsterdam: North-Holland): 1362-1367.

  3. Bernauer, Jochen (1992), "Conceptual Graphs as an Operational Model for Descriptive Findings", in Paul D. Clayton (ed.), Assessing the Value of Medical Informatics: 15th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care; A Conference of the American Medical Informatics Association (Washington, DC) (New York: McGraw-Hill): 214-218.

  4. Bernauer, J.; Taphorn, F.J.; & Pretschner, D.P. (1992), "A Model for Composing Medical Descriptions from Fragments", in K.C. Lun, Patrice DeGoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, & Otto Rienhoff (eds.), Medinfo 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (Geneva) (Amsterdam: North-Holland): 1395-1401.

  5. Borst, François; Lyman, Margaret; Nhàn, Ngô Thanh; Tick, Leo J.; Sager, Naomi; & Scherrer, Jean-Raoul (1992), "TEXTINFO: A Tool for Automatic Determination of Patient Clinical Profiles Using Text Analysis", in Paul D. Clayton (ed.), Assessing the Value of Medical Informatics: 15th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care; A Conference of the American Medical Informatics Association (Washington, DC) (New York: McGraw-Hill): 63-67.

  6. Cavazza, M.; Dore, L.; & Zweigenbaum, P. (1992), "Model-Based Natural Language Understanding in Medicine", in K.C. Lun, Patrice DeGoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, & Otto Rienhoff (eds.), Medinfo 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (Geneva) (Amsterdam: North-Holland): 1356-1361.

  7. Clark, Anthony S., & Shea, Steven (1992), "Free Text Databases in an Integrated Academic Information System (IAIMS) at Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center", in Paul D. Clayton (ed.), Assessing the Value of Medical Informatics: 15th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care; A Conference of the American Medical Informatics Association (Washington, DC) (New York: McGraw-Hill): 333-338.

  8. Erat, K. (1992), "Resolving Natural Language Queries of Clinical Research Databases: Utility and Criteria", in K.C. Lun, Patrice DeGoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, & Otto Rienhoff (eds.), Medinfo 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (Geneva) (Amsterdam: North-Holland): 1382-1388.

  9. Friedman, Carol, & Johnson, Stephen B. (1992), "Medical Text Processing: Past Achievements, Future Directions", in Marion J. Ball & Morris F. Collen (eds.), Aspects of the Computer-Based Patient Record (New York: Springer-Verlag): 212-228.

  10. Hersh, W.R.; Evans, D.A.; Monarch, I.A.; Lefferts, R.G.; Handerson, S.K.; & Gorman, P.N. (1992), "Indexing Effectiveness of Linguistic and Non-Linguistic Approaches to Automated Indexing", in K.C. Lun, Patrice DeGoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, & Otto Rienhoff (eds.), Medinfo 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (Geneva) (Amsterdam: North-Holland): 1402-1408.

  11. Kuichi, T., & Kaihara, S. (1992), "Machine Translation and Medical Linguistics", in K.C. Lun, Patrice DeGoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, & Otto Rienhoff (eds.), Medinfo 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (Geneva) (Amsterdam: North-Holland): 1350-1355.

  12. Ledoray, V.; Giusiano, B.; & Roux, M. (1992), "A System for Understanding Medical Reports: Architecture and Knowledge Required", in K.C. Lun, Patrice DeGoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, & Otto Rienhoff (eds.), Medinfo 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (Geneva) (Amsterdam: North-Holland): 1389-1394.

  13. Lin, Richard; Lenart, Leslie; Middleton, Glackford; & Shiffman, Smadar (1992), "A Free-Text Processing System to Capture Physical Findings: Canonical Phrase Identification System (CAPIS)", in Paul D. Clayton (ed.), Assessing the Value of Medical Informatics: 15th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care; A Conference of the American Medical Informatics Association (Washington, DC) (New York: McGraw-Hill): 168-172. Reprinted on pp. 843-847 of the same volume.

  14. McCray, Alexa T. (1992), "Extending a Natural Language Parser with UMLS Knowledge", in Paul D. Clayton (ed.), Assessing the Value of Medical Informatics: 15th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care; A Conference of the American Medical Informatics Association (Washington, DC) (New York: McGraw-Hill): 194-198.

  15. Nelson, Stuart J.; Tuttle, Mark S.; Cole, William G.; Sherertz, David D.; Sperzel, W. David; Erlbaum, Mark S.; Fuller, Lloyd L; & Olson, Nels E. (1992), "From Meaning to Term: Semantic Locality in the UMLS MEtathesaurus", in Paul D. Clayton (ed.), Assessing the Value of Medical Informatics: 15th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care; A Conference of the American Medical Informatics Association (Washington, DC) (New York: McGraw-Hill): 209-213.

  16. Patel, V.L., & Groen, G.J. (1992), "The Representation of Medical Information in Novices, Intermediates, and Experts", in K.C. Lun, Patrice DeGoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, & Otto Rienhoff (eds.), Medinfo 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (Geneva) (Amsterdam: North-Holland): 1344-1349.

  17. Rassinoux, A.-M.; Baud, R.H.; & Scherrer, J.-R. (1992), "Conceptual Graphs Model Extension for Knowledge Representation", in K.C. Lun, Patrice DeGoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, & Otto Rienhoff (eds.), Medinfo 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (Geneva) (Amsterdam: North-Holland): 1368-1374.

  18. Sievert, MaryEllen C.; McKinin, Emma Jean; Johnson, E. Diane; & Mitchell, Joyce A. (1992), "Retrieval from Full-Text Medical Literature: The Dream & The Reality", in Paul D. Clayton (ed.), Assessing the Value of Medical Informatics: 15th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care; A Conference of the American Medical Informatics Association (Washington, DC) (New York: McGraw-Hill): 348-352.

  19. Tuttle, Mark S.; Sherertz, D.D.; Erlbaum, M.S.; Sperzel, W.D.; Fuller, L.F.; Olson, N.E., Nelson, S.J.; Cimino, J.J.; & Chute, C.G. (1992), "Adding Your Terms and Relationships to the UMLS Metathesaurus", in Paul D. Clayton (ed.), Assessing the Value of Medical Informatics: 15th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care; A Conference of the American Medical Informatics Association (Washington, DC) (New York: McGraw-Hill): 219-223.

  20. Yamamoto, K.; Yamashita, Y.; & Sudo, M. (1992), "Natural Language Processing in the Hospital Information System of the Fukui Medical School", in K.C. Lun, Patrice DeGoulet, Thomas E. Piemme, & Otto Rienhoff (eds.), Medinfo 92: Proceedings of the 7th World Congress on Medical Informatics (Geneva) (Amsterdam: North-Holland): 1414-1417.

  21. Yang, Y., & Chute, C.G. (1992), "A Schematic Analysis of the Unified Medical Language System", in Paul D. Clayton (ed.), Assessing the Value of Medical Informatics: 15th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care; A Conference of the American Medical Informatics Association (Washington, DC) (New York: McGraw-Hill): 204-208.

1993:

  1. Rindflesch, Thomas C., & Aronson, Alan R. (1993), "Semantic Processing in Information Retrieval", in Charles Safran (ed.), Proceedings of the 17th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC-93): 611-615.

  2. Schröder, Martin (1993), "Knowledge Based Analysis of Radiology Reports Using Conceptual Graphs", in Heather Pfeiffer & Timothy E. Nagle (eds.), Conceptual Structures: Theory and Implementation; 7th Annual Workshop, Las Cruces, NM, USA, July 8-10, 1992, Proceedings (Berlin: Springer-Verlag): 293-302.

  3. Zingmond, David, & Lenert, Leslie A. (1993), "Monitoring Free-Text Data Using Medical Language Processing", Computers and Biomedical Research 26(5): 467-481.

1994:

  1. Aronson, Alan R.; Rindflesch, Thomas C.; & Browne, Allen C. (1994), "Exploiting a Large Thesaurus for Information Retrieval", Proceedings of RIAO: 197-216.

  2. Friedman, Carol; Alderson, Philip O.; Austin, John H.M.; Cimino, James J.; & Johnson, Stephen B. (1994), "A General Natural-Language Text Processor for Clinical Radiology", Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1(2): 161-174.

  3. Haug, Peter; Koehler, Spence; Lau, Lee Min; Wang, Ping; Rocha, Roberto; & Huff, Stan (1994), "A Natural Language Understanding System Combining Syntactic and Semantic Techniques", Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 247-251.

  4. Moore, G. William, & Berman, Jules J. (1994), "Automatic SNOMED Coding", Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 225-229.

  5. Nangle, Brenda, & Keane, Mark T. (1994), "Effective Retrieval in Hospital Information Systems: The Use of Context in Answering Queries to Patient Discharge Summaries", Artificial Intelligence in Medicine 6: 207-227.

  6. Rassinoux, Anne-Marie; Michel, Pierre-André; Juge, Christian; Baud, Robert; & Scherrer, Jean-Raoul (1994), "Natural Language Processing of Medical Texts within the HELIOS Environment", Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 45, Suppl.: S79-S96.

  7. Rindflesch, Thomas C., & Aronson, Alan R. (1994), "Ambiguity Resolution while Mapping Free Text to the UMLS Metathesaurus", in Judy G. Ozbolt (ed.), Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (SCAMC-94): 240-244.

  8. Sager, Naomi; Lyman, Margaret; Bucknall, Christine; Nhàn, Ngô; & Tick, Leo J. (1994), "Natural Language Processing and the Representation of Clinical Data", Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1(2): 142-160.

  9. Sager, Naomi; Lyman, Margaret; Nhàn, Ngô Thanh; & Tick, Leo J. (1994), "Automatic Encoding into SNOMED III: A Preliminary Investigation", Proceedings of the 18th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 230-234.

  10. Sager, Naomi; Lyman, Margaret; Tick, Leo J.; Nhàn, Ngô Thanh; & Bucknall, Christine E. (1994), "Natural Language Processing of Asthma Discharge Summaries for the Monitoring of Patient Care", Patient-Centered Computing: Proceedings, 17th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care (October 30-November 3, 1993; Washington, DC) (American Medical Informatics Association): 265-268.

  11. Schröder, Martin (1994), "Interpreting Clinical Questions: Medical Text Analysis Supports Image Processing", in G. Barth, A. Günter, & B. Neumann (eds.), KI-94: Anwendungen der Künstllichen Intelligenz; 18. Fachtagung für Künstllichen Intelligenz, Saarbrücken, 22./23. September 1994 (Anwenderkongress) (Berlin: Springer-Verlag): 53-67.

  12. Zweigenbaum, Pierre (1994), "MENELAS: An Access System for Medical Records using Natural Language", Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine 45: 117-120. 45: 117-120.

1995:

  1. Aronow, D.B.; Soderland, S.; Ponte, J.M.; Feng, F.; Croft, W.B.; & Lehnert, W.G. (1995), "Automated Classification of Encounter Notes in a Computer Based Medical Record", in R.A. Greenes, H.E. Peterson, & D.J. Protti (eds.), Medinfo 95 Proceedings (Edmonton, Canada) (International Medical Informatics Association): 8-12.

  2. Do Amaral, Marcio B., & Satomura Y. (1995), "Associating Semantic Grammars with the SNOMED: Processing Medical Language and Representing Clinical Facts into a Language-Independent Frame", in R.A. Greenes, H.E. Peterson, & D.J. Protti (eds.), Medinfo 95 Proceedings (Edmonton, Canada) (International Medical Informatics Association): 18-22.

  3. El-Gamal, S.S., & Esmail, M.M. (1995), "Understanding Clinical Narrative Text", Medical Informatics 20(2): 161-173.

  4. Haug, Peter J.; Koehler, Spence; Lau, Lee Min; Wang, Ping; Rocha, Roberto; & Huff, Stanley M. (1995), "Experience with a Mixed Semantic/Syntactic Parser", Proceedings of the 19th Annual Symposium on Computer Applications in Medical Care, JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 284-288.

  5. Hripcsak, George; Friedman, Carol; Alderson, Philip O.; DuMouchel, William; Johnson, Stephen B.; & Clayton, Paul D. (1995), "Unlocking Clinical Data from Narrative Reports: A Study of Natural Language Processing", Annals of Internal Medicine 122: 681-688.

  6. Kiuchi, T., & Kaihara, S. (1995), "On the Linguistic Representation of Medical Information: Natural Language, Controlled Language, and Formal Language", in R.A. Greenes, H.E. Peterson, & D.J. Protti (eds.), Medinfo 95 Proceedings (Edmonton, Canada) (International Medical Informatics Association) 8 Pt 1: 23-27.

  7. Lehnert, Wendy; Soderland, Stephen; Aronow, David; Feng, Fangfang; & Shmueli, Avinoam (1995), "Inductive Text Classification for Medical Applications", Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Artificial Intelligence 7(1): 49-80.

  8. Nelson, Stuart J.; Olson, Nels E.; Fuller, Lloyd; Tuttle, Mark S.; Cole, Willilam G.; & Sherertz, David D. (1995), "Identifying Concepts in Medical Knowledge", in R.A. Greenes, H.E. Peterson, & D.J. Protti (eds.), Medinfo 95 Proceedings (Edmonton, Canada) (International Medical Informatics Association): 33-36.

  9. Rassinoux, Anne-Marie; Michel, Pierre-André;, Wagner, Judith; & Baud, Robert (1995), "Current Trends with Natural Language Processing", in R.A. Greenes, H.E. Peterson, & D.J. Protti (eds.), Medinfo 95 Proceedings (Edmonton, Canada) (International Medical Informatics Association): 1657-?.

1996:

  1. Dalal, Mukesh; Feiner, Steven; McKeown, Kathleen; Jordan, Desmond; Allen, Barry; & alSafadi, Yasser (1996), "MAGIC: An Experimental System for Generating Multimedia Briefings about Post-Bypass Patient Status", Beyond the Superhighway: Exploiting the Internet with Medical Informatics; Proceedings 1996 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (October 26-30, 1996, Washington, DC), JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 684-688.

  2. Ertle, Alan R.; Campbell, Emily M.; & Hersh, William R. (1996), "Automated Application of Clinical Practice Guidelines for Asthma Management", Beyond the Superhighway: Exploiting the Internet with Medical Informatics; Proceedings 1996 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (October 26-30, 1996, Washington, DC), JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 552-556.

  3. Evans, David A.; Brownlow, Nicholas D.; Hersh, William R.; & Campbell, Emily M. (1996), "Automating Concept Identification in the Electronic Medical Record: An Experiment in Extracting Dosage Information", Beyond the Superhighway: Exploiting the Internet with Medical Informatics; Proceedings 1996 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (October 26-30, 1996, Washington, DC), JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 388-392.

  4. Johnson, Stephen B., & Friedman, Carol (1996), "Integrating Data from Natural Language Processing into a Clinical Information System", Beyond the Superhighway: Exploiting the Internet with Medical Informatics; Proceedings 1996 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (October 26-30, 1996, Washington, DC), JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 537-541.

  5. Liu-Perez, Alfredo; McRoy, Susan; & Vera, Maria (1996), "A Patient History Form that Explains Itself and Addresses Patients' Concerns" (Working Notes of the AAAI 1996 Spring Symposium on Artificial Intelligence in Medicine, Stanford University, March 1996).

  6. Sneiderman, Charles A.; Rindflesch, Thomas C.; & Aronson, Alan R. (1996), "Finding the Findings: Identification of Findings in Medical Literature Using Restricted Natural Language Processing", Beyond the Superhighway: Exploiting the Internet with Medical Informatics; Proceedings 1996 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (October 26-30, 1996, Washington, DC), JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 239-243.

  7. Spackman, Kent A., & Hersh, William R. (1996), "Recognizing Noun Phrases in Medical Discharge Summaries: An Evaluation of Two Natural Language Parsers", Beyond the Superhighway: Exploiting the Internet with Medical Informatics; Proceedings 1996 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (October 26-30, 1996, Washington, DC), JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 155-158.

  8. Tuttle, Mark S.; Sherertz, David D.; Olson, Nels E.; Nelson, Stuart J.; Erlbaum, Mark S.; Keck, Kevin D.; Davis, Alex N.; Suarez-Munist, Octavio N.; Lipow, Stephanie S.; Cole; William G.; Fagan, Lawrence M.; Acuff, Richard D.; Crangle, Colleen E.; Musen, Mark A.; Tu, Samson W.; Wiederhold, Gio C.M.; & Carlson, Robert W. (1996), "Toward Reusable Software Components at the Point of Care", Beyond the Superhighway: Exploiting the Internet with Medical Informatics; Proceedings 1996 AMIA Annual Fall Symposium (October 26-30, 1996, Washington, DC), JAMIA Symposium Supplement: 150-154.

1997:

  1. Burgun, Anita; Denier, Patrick; Bodenreider, Olivier; Botti, Geneviève; Delamarre, Denis; Pouliquen, Bruno; Oberlin, Philippe; Lévéque, Jean M.; Lukacs, Bertrand; Kohler, François; Fieschi, Jarius; & Le Beux, Pierre (1997), "A Web Terminology Server Using UMLS for the Description of Medical Procedures", Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 4(5): 356-363.

  2. Cawsey, Alison J.; Webber, Bonnie L.; & Jones, Ray B. (1997), "Natural Language Generation in Healthcare", Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 4(6): 473-482.

  3. Kilman, David G., & Forslund, David W. (1997, August), "An International Collaboratory Based on Virtual Patient Records", Communications of the ACM 40(8): 111-117.

  4. McKeown, Kathleen; Pan, Shimei; Shaw, James; Jordan, Desmond; & Allen, Barry (1997), "Language Generation for Multimedia Healthcare Briefings", Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Applied Natural Language Processing (Washington, DC) (Association for Computational Linguistics): 277-282.

1998:

  1. Glasgow, Barry; Mandell, Alan; Binney, Dan; Ghemri, Lila; & Fisher, David (1998), "MITA: An Information-Extraction Approach to the Analysis of Free-From Text in Life Insurance Applications", AI Magazine 19(1) (Spring 1998): 59-72.

1999:

  1. Altman, Russ B. (1999), "AI in Medicine: The Spectrum of Challenges from Managed Care to Molecular Medicine", AI Magazine 20(3) (Fall 1999): 67-77.

Websites:

  1. AIM Project HELIOS-2



Copyright © 2000 by William J. Rapaport (rapaport@cse.buffalo.edu)
file: refs.mednlp.28nv00.html