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1
Trust Management and Theory Revision
=
Ji Ma
School of Computer and Information
ScienceUni= versity of South Australia
=
24th September 2004, presented at= = SKM=
=
2
Outline
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:88%'>•Motivation (background, aims etc)
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:88%'>•A brief introduction t=
o the
logic TML
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:88%'>•Theories of trust
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:88%'>•Modeling the dynamics of trust
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:88%'>•A methodology for theory revision
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:88%'>•Conclusion and future work
=
3
Trust and Belief
•Trust and trust management are important issues for digital communication systems. =
•
•Some general questions regarding trust and agent belief such as:
•
•=
Can I trust the system?
•Is the message received through the system reliable?
•
•
•
=
4
Trust and Belief
(con’t)
•=
Every security system depends on trust
=
5
Recent=
ly
Research Work on Trust
Most of the work focus on:
=
;
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%'>•Trust concept: What is trust?
&nbs=
p;
(Dimitrakos 2001, Kini & Choobineh 98)
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%'>•Specification of trust and reasoning
&nbs=
p;
(Liu 2001, Liu & Ozols 2002, etc)
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%'>•Trust management
&nbs=
p;
(Blaze 93, Yahalom et al.=
93,
Josang 2000)
But not many papers focused on a
dynamic theory of trust
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:88%;visibility:hidden'>•
=
6
Trust Theories
• The concept of trust theory is proposed for the specification of trust (Liu 2001) .
•<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%;display:none'>
•A trust theory is a set of rules
describing trust of agents in a system, and
•established based on the initia=
l trust
of agents in a system.
=
7
Need to revise a trust theory?
•Trust changes dynamically
•
•A theory is constructed based on the initial trust of =
agents in the system, therefore=
,
•
•When agents lose their trust in dynamic environment, <=
span
style=3D'position:absolute;top:61.25%;left:12.17%;width:87.64%;height:5.2=
5%'>the theory need to be revised,
otherwise it can no longer be used for any security purpose
=
8
Aims of Our Work
•=
Investigate factors that influe=
nce
trust
•
•Provide methods and techniques for modeling the dynamics of trust
<=
/span>
•
•Obtain a general approach to revising and managing a theory of trust for an agent-=
based
system
=
9
Contributions of this Paper
• In this paper, we propose
•<=
/span>A method for modeling trust changes and an algorithm to compute the trust state
=
•=
A method for modeling theory changes
=
•<=
/span>A technique for computing the new theory based on trust changes
•=
A framework for managing a theory of trust=
•
•
![](3D"master05_background.gif")
![](3D"master05_image005.gif")
=
![](3D"master05_image006.gif")
10
TML logic - What is it?
• TML is an extension of the first-order logic with
• Belief oper=
ator Bi=
stands for “agent i believes that”.
• Every varia=
ble
must be typed, i.e., it ranges over a certain domain.
=
11
Why T=
ML?
•Its expressive power: TML can express agent beliefs in=
a
natural way.
•any security system depends on agent beliefs.
=
•
=
12
Multi-agent Systems
•Agents can be human beings, mac=
hines,
a program, a
method or any other entities.
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>•
•Agents may have their goals, intentions, beliefs, obligations etc.
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>•
•They may perform actions (co-operatively sometimes) in a society of other
agents.=
13
Trust Model and TrustTheory
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%;color:#FF9900;mso-color-index:4'=
>•<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%;color:#FF9900;mso-color-index:4'=
>Simple
trust model (Liu &=
amp;
Ozols, 2002):
An agent does not tr=
ust
anyone but the security mechanisms (as special agents) of the system.
•For reasoning about beliefs, the key is to obtain rules specifying such trust.
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%;visibility:hidden'>•
=
•Those rules form a theory, we called it a trust theory.
=
14
An example – A secur=
ed
room
(A multi-agent authentication system)
(A multi-agent authentication system)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• Agents: a1, a2, a3, a=
4 control doors d1,d2,d,3,d4 respectively.
• Authentication method=
s: m1
(for d1) ,m2 (d2) ,m3 (d3), m4 (d4)
=
15
An example – A secu=
red
room (con’t)
•security mechanisms of the system include:
•
• 1. agents a1, a2 a3 and a4, =
3;
• 2.=
the
authentication methods m1, m2, m3 and m4
• 3.=
the
physical security environment
(consisting of doors and walls), denoted as pse.
•
•Thus,
agents have an initial trust set:
• &#=
13;
&nbs=
p;
{a1, a2, a3, a4, m1, m2, m3, m4, pse}.
•
<=
/span>
=
16
An example – A secu=
red
room (con’t)
•Trust of agents includes:
•
1. trust that a1, a2 a3 and a4=
are
capable of performing th=
eir
functions as required;
2.
2. trust that these authentica=
tion
methods are reliable;=
3.
3. trust that there is no problem w=
ith pse
on the security
objective
=
17
Building
a Theory for the System
•ReqToEnter(x,l) : x
requests to enter the location <=
i>l.
•AuthBy(x,m) : &nbs=
p;
the identity of x<=
/span> is authenticated by m=
.
=
18
Building
a Theory for the System
(con’t= )
(con’t= )
•
=
19
Building
a Theory for the System
(con’t= ) =
(con’t= ) =
•(r8) At(x,C,t) &U=
grave; At(x,C,<=
i>t+1) &U=
grave; At(x,C,t+2=
)® At(x,E,t+3=
).
•
•Thus,=
we
have the theory:
•
• &nbs=
p;
T =3D{r1, r2, r3, r4, r5, r6, r7, r8}
=
20
The Dynamics of Trust
–Trust changes dynamically. It depends =
on
many factors:
=
21
Trust Change Vs Theory Chan= ge
![](3D"slide0074_image010.jpg")
Questions:
=
•=
How to model trust change?
=
• How to express a theory change?
=
•=
How to obtain
the new theory?
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial'>• How to find the theory change bas=
ed on trust changes? =
=
22
Modeling Trust Changes
•Trust state:
• S =3D <=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%'>(Ω,Θ),&nbs=
p;
where
• Ω is the set of a=
gents
involved in the system,
• Θ is a trust rela=
tion
over Ω.
•
•A trust change to the state S includes two classes of =
operations:
=
• deleting a pair (x,y) from Θ
• adding a pair (=
x,y) to Θ
<=
/div>
• &nbs=
p;
=
23
Modeling Trust Changes (=
con’t)
•We say that δ =3D (IN, OUT=
) is a
trust change to the state S =3D (Ω,Θ), if
•=
OUT &I=
acute; Θ
•=
IN Ç<=
/span> Θ =3D Æ
•=
•Assume that the set of agents Ω is always static, then
• the new trust state S̵=
7; =3D
(Ω,Θ’), where
•
• &nbs=
p; =
Θ’ =3D Θ + IN – OUT,
=
24
Theory Revision
•Two types of activities:
•Å j=
: adding a formula j
to a theory
•â j=
: retracting a formula =
j
from a theory
•
•Let T be a theory and s =3D
<*1 j<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:50%;position:relative;top:.37em;mso-=
text-raise:
-25%'>1, …,<=
/span>*n j<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:50%;position:relative;top:.37em;mso-=
text-raise:
-25%'>n > be a theory change to T, where *i is Å or &a=
circ;. Then, the new theory is:
=
•
•T’ =3D T ° s
=3D T *1 j<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:53%;position:relative;top:.37em;mso-=
text-raise:
-25%'>1… *n j<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:53%;position:relative;top:.37em;mso-=
text-raise:
-25%'>n .
•
• &nbs=
p; =
•
•=
•=
•=
=
25
Theory Revision (con’t)
Minimal change technique:
<=
/span>
•T &A=
ring; j<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%'> -- is proceeded in two steps: first remove just enough formulas from T to obtai=
n a
theory T’ such that T’ is consistent with j<=
/span>; then add j
to T’.
•T &a=
circ; j<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;font-size:75%'>
-- is proceeded in this way: take ou=
t the formulas from T to get T’=
such
that T’ ⊬ j
and T’ is an exactly the subset of T that cannot be expanded without j<=
/span>.
=
26
Theory Revision (con’t)
Example
Suppose T =3D {p &U=
acute; q &r=
eg; r, r &r=
eg; s} and a theory change =
s =3D
<Åp, â(r &r=
eg; s), &A=
ring;s>, then the new theory is
&nbs=
p;
T’ =3D T ° s =3D {p Ú q &r=
eg; r, p, s}
=
27
Finding Theory C=
hanges
To
answer question 4, let Η be the set of trusted agents =
at a state S =3D (Ω,Θ), and δ =
=3D(IN,
OUT) the trust change t=
o S.
Then the theory change s to=
T can
be obtained as f=
ollows:
<=
span
style=3D'font-family:Arial;visibility:hidden'>•
• For any agent x, x Ï H, but (y,=
x) Î IN
for all y Î
Ω, and if r is a
rule specifying the function of =
x, we will add Å =
r to s. =
28
An Example
Let T0 =3D
{r1,r2,r3,r4,r5,r6,r7,r8} at the&=
nbsp;
state S0. If <=
/span>m1 is not reliable and door d1 =
is
permanently closed. Therefore, we have a theory change s =3D
<âr1 >.
But, for retracting r1 from T0, we need t=
o add
the following
formula to it:
=
•
• (r9) At(x,O,t) &U=
grave; ReqToEnter(x,E) ®
• &nbs=
p;
(At(x,E,t+1) « Ba2 AuthBy(x,m2)).
•
• Theref=
ore,
the new theory
• T1 =3D {r2,r3,r4,r5,r6,r7,r8,r9}
=
29
Conclusion and Future Work
•We have presented a formal appr=
oach to
revising a theory
of trust.
•These methods and techniques co=
uld be
useful in the specification and management of trust for any systems with communicating agen=
ts.
•Future works
=
•Case studies, finding more applications.
•Trust degree refinement in theory revision
•Investigation of ways to express security properties based on evolving th=
eories
of trust.
=
30
•
•Thanks
=
•
• Any
Question?
•Email:MAYJY=
005@students.unisa.edu.au
•
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------=_NextPart_01C4F197.D0EFD1F0
content-location: file:///C:/A337C07F/3A-02-Ma__files/script.js
content-transfer-encoding: quoted-printable
content-type: application/javascript;
charset="us-ascii"
function LoadSld()
{
var sld=3DGetObj("SlideObj")
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML ) { =09
sld.style.visibility=3D"visible"
return
}
if( MakeNotesVis() ) return
runAnimations =3D _InitAnimations();
=09
if( IsWin("PPTSld") )
parent.SldUpdated(GetSldId())
g_origSz=3DparseInt(SlideObj.style.fontSize)
g_origH=3Dsld.style.posHeight
g_origW=3Dsld.style.posWidth
g_scaleHyperlinks=3D(document.all.tags("AREA").length>0)
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
InitHLinkArray()
if( g_scaleInFrame||(IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() ) )
document.body.scroll=3D"no"
_RSW()
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFullScrMode() )
FullScrInit();
=09
MakeSldVis();
ChkAutoAdv()
if( runAnimations )
{
if( document.all("NSPlay") )
document.all("NSPlay").autoStart =3D false;
if( sld.filters && sld.filters.revealtrans )
setTimeout( "document.body.start()", sld.filters.revealtrans.duration * =
1000 );
else
document.body.start();
}
}
function MakeSldVis()=20
{
var fTrans=3Dg_showAnimation && SldHasTrans()
if( fTrans )=09
{
if( g_bgSound ) {
idx=3Dg_bgSound.indexOf(",");
pptSound.src=3Dg_bgSound.substr( 0, idx );
pptSound.loop=3D -(parseInt(g_bgSound.substr(idx+1)));
}
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Apply()=09
}
SlideObj.style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( fTrans )
SlideObj.filters.revealtrans.Play()
}
function MakeNotesVis()=20
{
if( !IsNts() ) return false=20
SlideObj.style.display=3D"none"
nObj =3D document.all.item("NotesObj")
parent.SetHasNts(0)
if( nObj ) {=20
nObj.style.display=3D""
parent.SetHasNts(1)
}
return 1
}
function ChkAutoAdv()
{
if(SldHasTrans())
SlideObj.onfilterchange=3DAutoAdv
else
AutoAdv()
}
function AutoAdv()
{
if(!IsWin("PPTSld") || !gUseSldTimings )return
var sld=3DGetCurSld()
if( (sld.mAdvDelay>0) && !parent.IsFramesMode() )
setTimeout("parent.GoToNextSld()",sld.mAdvDelay)
}
function GetObj(id)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return document.all(id);
else return document.getElementById(id);
}
function SldHasTrans() { return SlideObj.style.filter !=3D ""; }
function GetSldId() { return sId=3Dlocation.href.substring(location.href.la=
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function HideMenu() { if( frames["PPTSld"] && PPTSld.document.all.item("ctx=
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function IsWin( name ) { return window.name =3D=3D name }
function IsNts() { return IsWin("PPTNts") }
function IsSldOrNts() { return( IsWin("PPTSld")||IsWin("PPTNts") ) }
function SupportsPPTAnimation() { return( navigator.platform =3D=3D "Win32"=
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function SupportsPPTHTML()
{
var appVer=3Dnavigator.appVersion, msie=3DappVer.indexOf("MSIE "), ver=3D0
if( msie >=3D 0 )
ver=3DparseFloat( appVer.substring( msie+5, appVer.indexOf(";",msie) ) )
else
ver=3DparseInt(appVer)
return( ver >=3D 4 && msie >=3D 0 )
}
function _RSW()
{
if( !g_supportsPPTHTML || IsNts() ||
( !g_scaleInFrame && (!IsWin("PPTSld") || !parent.IsFullScrMode()) ) )
return
var padding=3D0;
if( IsWin("PPTSld") && parent.IsFramesMode() ) padding=3D6
cltWidth=3Ddocument.body.clientWidth-padding
cltHeight=3Ddocument.body.clientHeight-padding
factor=3D(1.0*cltWidth)/g_origW
if( cltHeight < g_origH*factor )
factor=3D(1.0*cltHeight)/g_origH
newSize =3D g_origSz * factor
if( newSize < 1 ) newSize=3D1
s=3DSlideObj.style
s.fontSize=3DnewSize+"px"
s.posWidth=3Dg_origW*factor
s.posHeight=3Dg_origH*factor
s.posLeft=3D(cltWidth-s.posWidth+padding)/2
s.posTop=3D(cltHeight-s.posHeight+padding)/2
if( g_scaleHyperlinks )
ScaleHyperlinks( factor )
}
function _InitAnimations()
{
animRuntimeInstalled =3D ''+document.body.localTime !=3D 'undefined';
isFullScreen =3D (window.name =3D=3D "PPTSld") && !parent.IsFramesMode();
g_animUseRuntime =3D g_showAnimation && animRuntimeInstalled && !(isFullSc=
reen && parent.IsSldVisited());
if( g_animUseRuntime ) {
collSeq =3D document.all.tags("seq");
if( collSeq !=3D null ) {
for(ii=3D0;ii
' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
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N=
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