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\title{An Introduction to SNePS}
\author{Stuart C. Shapiro\\
Department of Computer Science and Engineering\\
and Center for Cognitive Science\\
201 Bell Hall\\
University at Buffalo,
The State University of New York\\
Buffalo, NY 14260-2000\\
\texttt{shapiro@cse.buffalo.edu}
}

\begin{document}
\maketitle
\tableofcontents

\section{SNePS 2.6}
\subsection{Overview}
\begin{itemize}
\item A knowledge representation, reasoning, and acting system.
\item Approximately 30 years of development.
\item 64 people involved in its development.
\item Academic, not ``productized'', system.
\item Constantly being improved: suggestions and help appreciated.
\item Implementation language: ANSI Common Lisp.
\item Logic-based and Network-based.
\item Interfaces: SNePSUL; \textbf{SNePSLOG}; Fragments of English.
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Atomic Formulas in SNePSLOG}

\subsubsection{Simple Assertions}
Demo: \texttt{assertions.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Simple Queries: \texttt{?} and \texttt{askwh}}
Demo: \texttt{queries.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Functional Terms and Conjunctive Queries}
Demo: \texttt{functions.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Reified Propositions}
Demo: \texttt{reified.snepslog}

\subsubsection{\texttt{expert} and \texttt{normal} Modes}
Demo: \texttt{expert.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Unique Names Assumption and Uniqueness Principle}
Demo: \texttt{unique.snepslog}

\subsection{Reduction Inference}
Demo: \texttt{reduction.snepslog}

\subsection{Symmetric Arguments}
Demo: \texttt{symmetric.snepslog}

\subsection{Negation}
\subsubsection{Negated Formulas as Assertions}
Demo: \texttt{negation.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Querying: \texttt{?}, \texttt{ask}, \texttt{askifnot},
  \texttt{askwh}, \texttt{askwhnot}}
Demo: \texttt{asknegation.snepslog}

\subsection{Nodes, Case Frames, and Cablesets}
\subsubsection{\texttt{show}}
Demo: \texttt{nodes.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Atomic and Molecular Nodes}
See the examples in the diagrams produced by \texttt{show}.

\subsubsection{Case Frames and Cablesets}
See the examples in the diagrams produced by \texttt{show}.

\subsection{Handling Contradictions, Part I}
Demo: \texttt{contradictions1.snepslog}

\subsection{Mode 3 and Path-Based Inference}
\subsubsection{Mode 3 and \texttt{define-frame}}
Demo: \texttt{mode3.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Path-Based Inference}
Demo: \texttt{pb-inf.snepslog}

\subsection{Node-Based Inference}
\subsubsection{Simple Implication, Forward and Backward Inference}
Demo: \texttt{implication.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Universal Quantification,  \texttt{?} \textit{vs.} \texttt{??}}
Demo: \texttt{quantify.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Bi-Directional Inference}
Demo: \texttt{bidir.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Lemmas: Retaining Derived Information}
Demo: \texttt{lemmas.snepslog}

\subsubsection{AndOr}
Demo: \texttt{andor.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Thresh}
Demo: \texttt{thresh.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Or-Entailment}
Demo: \texttt{orEntailment.snepslog}

\subsubsection{And-Entailment}
Demo: \texttt{andEntailment.snepslog} illustrates:
\begin{itemize}
\item 
three ways of expressing conjoined antecedents;
\item deleting a wff from the current context;
\item the ATMS disbelieving implications derived from disbelieved
  hypotheses;
\item the triggering of backward inference from forward inference;
\item  and the Unique Variable Binding Rule (UVBR).
\end{itemize}

\subsubsection{Numerical Entailment}
\subsubsection{The Numerical Quantifier}
Demo: \texttt{numQuant.snepslog}

\subsubsection{Hypotheses \textit{vs.} Derived Propositions}
\subsection{Contexts}

\subsection{SNeBR: Handling Contradictions, Part II}

\subsection{SNeRE: The SNePS Acting Language}

\section{SNePS 3}

Demo: \texttt{\#3, Contexts} and \texttt{\#7, Chng}

\subsection{Syntactic Types}

\subsection{Semantic Types}
\subsection{Relations}
\subsection{Case Frames}
\subsection{Arbitrary and Indefinite Entities}
\subsection{Categorizations}
\subsection{Wire-Based Inference}
\subsection{Path-Based Inference}
\subsection{Subsumption Inference}
\subsection{Node-Based Inference}

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