In doing Russell & Norvig, Ch. 6, p. 181: #6.5, you might find the following additional rules of inference for the natural-deduction system that I am introducing in lecture to be useful (though note that you do not need anything that is not in Ch. 6): vIntro: From P From Q ----------- ----------- Infer (PvQ) Infer (PvQ) vElim: From (PvQ) From (PvQ) and -P and -Q ---------- ---------- Infer Q Infer P <=>Intro: From (P => Q) From (P => Q) and (Q => P) and (Q => P) --------------- --------------- Infer (P <=> Q) Infer (Q <=> P) <=>Elim: From (P <=> Q) From (P <=> Q) -------------- -------------- Infer (P => Q) Infer (Q => P) Also: You can't use natural deduction (or any other syntactic proof-technique) to prove that you *can't* prove something. But you can prove that you can't prove something, by using semantic proof-techniques, such as truth tables or Wang's Algorithm. For more details on the natural-deduction system introduced in lecture, see: Schagrin, Morton L.; Rapaport, William J.; & Dipert, Randall R. (1985), _Logic: A Computer Approach_ (New York: McGraw-Hill) (SEL: BC138 .S32 1985)