The Turing Test

1. Class slide on Turing Test:
   PDF (Acrobat) version
   PS (Postscript) version
   DVI version
   

2. For an overview, see my "Freshman-level lecture notes on AI"

3. Turing, Alan M. (1950), "Computing Machinery and Intelligence", Mind 59: 433-460.

   Reprinted in:

   • Anderson, Alan Ross (ed.) (1964), Minds and Machines (Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall): 4-30.
   • Collins, Allan M. & Smith, Edward E. (eds.) (1988), Readings in Cognitive Science (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann): 6-19.
   • Haugeland, John (ed.) (1997), Mind Design II: Philosophy, Psychology, Artificial Intelligence; revised and enlarged edition (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press): 29-56.
   • Cummins, Robert, & Cummins, Denise Dellarosa (eds.) (2000), Minds, Brains, and Computers: The Foundations of Cognitive Science (Malden, MA: Blackwell): 153-167.

4. Special Issue on Alan Turing and Artificial Intelligence, Journal of Logic, Language and Information 9(4) (2000).

   Includes:

   • Rapaport, William J. (2000), "How to Pass a Turing Test: Syntactic Semantics, Natural-Language Understanding, and First-Person Cognition", pp. 467-490.

     Abstract: A theory of "syntactic semantics" is advocated as a way of understanding how computers can think (and how the Chinese-Room-Argument objection to the Turing Test can be overcome): (1) Semantics, as the study of relations between symbols and meanings, can be turned into syntax--a study of relations among symbols (including meanings)--and hence syntax can suffice for the semantical enterprise. (2) Semantics, as the process of understanding one domain modeled in terms of another, can be viewed recursively: The base case of semantic understanding--understanding a domain in terms of itself--is syntactic understanding. (3) An internal (or "narrow"), first-person point of view makes an external (or "wide"), third-person point of view otiose for purposes of understanding cognition.

5. Special Issue on the Turing Test 50 Years Later, Minds and Machines 10(4) (2000).

6. Second Special Issue on the Turing Test 50 Years Later, Minds and Machines 11(1) (2001).

7. Von Ahn, Luis; Blum, Manuel; & Langford, John (2004), "Telling Humans and Computers Apart Automatically: How Lazy Cryptographers Do AI", Communications of the ACM 47(2) (February): 57-60.