Conceptual Dependency

References:

1. Schank, Roger C., & Rieger, Charles J., III (1974), "Inference and the Computer Understanding of Natural Language", Artificial Intelligence 5: 373-412.
   • Reprinted in:
     Brachman, Ronald J., & (eds.) (1985), Readings in Knowledge Representation (San Mateo, CA: Morgan Kaufmann): 119-139.

2. Schank, Roger C., & Riesbeck, Christopher K. (1981), Inside Computer Understanding: Five Programs Plus Miniatures (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates).

3. Sterling, Leon, & Shapiro, Ehud (1986), The Art of Prolog: Advanced Programming Techniques (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press): 234.
   • Contains a Prolog version of SAM (Script Applier Mechanism) in less than 1 page of code!

4. 
   Ansley, William (1989), "A SNePS Implementation of Micro-SAM" (unpublished MS project).

5. Rich, Elaine & Knight, Kevin (1991), "Conceptual Dependency" and "Scripts", from Artificial Intelligence, Second Edition (New York: McGraw-Hill): 277-289.

6. Lytinen, Steven L. (1992), "Conceptual Dependency and its Descendants", [PDF] Computers and Mathematics with Applications 23(2-5): 51-73.
   • Reprinted in: Lehmann, Fritz (ed.) (1992), Semantic Networks in Artificial Intelligence (Oxford: Pergamon Press): 51-73.

CD Primitives:

• PTRANS: physical transfer of location of an object

  slots for PTRANS:
  

  ACTOR: a HUMAN (or animate obj) that initiates the PTRANS
  OBJECT: a PHYSICAL OBJECT that is PTRANSed
  FROM: a LOCATION at which the PTRANS begins
  TO: a LOCATION at which the PTRANS ends

• ATRANS: abstract transfer of ownership, possession, or control of an object

• MTRANS: mental transfer of information between agents

• MBUILD: mental construction of a thought or new info between agents

• ATTEND: act of focusing attention of a sense organ toward an object

• GRASP: grasping of an object by an actor for manipulation

• PROPEL: applicaton of physical force to an object

• MOVE: movement of a body part of an agent by that agent

• INGEST: taking in of an object (food, air, water...) by an animal

• EXPEL: expulsion of an object by an animal

• SPEAK: act of producing sound, including non-communicative sounds

Scripts:

1. John went to Duff's for dinner last night.
2. He ordered wings.
3. When he paid for them, he noticed that he was running out of money.
4. He hurried home, since it had started to rain.

QUESTION: Did John eat dinner last night?

SCRIPT Restaurant

ROLES C customer
W waiter

PROPS F food

LOC'N R restaurant

SCENES:

1. C PTRANS C to R
2. C ATTEND eyes to menu
3. C MTRANS "I want F" to W
4. W PTRANS F to C
5. C INGEST F
6. W PTRANS bill to C
7. C PTRANS money to R
8. C PTRANS C from R

Processing:

(1) matches (unifies with) (a), where C:=John, R:=Duff's

(2) matches (c)

So, infer (b)

(3) matches (g)

So, infer (d)-(f)

So, ANSWER = Yes [(e) = John ate wings]